Essential Grammar Rules Part -2
✎ 31) If two or more nouns denote joint possession then possessive sign is used with only the last noun.
✖ Inc:-We all enjoyed lots at Pinky's and Srimant's reception.
✔ Cor:- We all enjoyed lots at Pinky and Srimant's reception.
✎ 32) If two or more nouns denote separate possession then possessive sign is used independently with the different nouns.
✖ Inc:-The crowd cheered to Sachin and Sehwag's boundaries.
✔ Cor:- The crowd cheered to Sachin's and Sehwag's boundaries.
Essential Grammar Rules Part -2
Essential Grammar Rules Part -2
✎ 33) Possessive case is usually limited to living things.
✖ Inc:-The pen's cap is not fitting.
✔ Cor:- The cap of the pen is not fitting.
✎ 34) Non living things can take possessive case if they are personified.
✖ Inc:-The villagers pray the river as Goddess as it provides them with variety of food.
✔ Cor:- The villagers pray the river as Goddess as she provides them with variety of food.
✎ 35) Though non living the possessive case is used with nouns denoting space, time and weight.
✖ Inc:-My friend stays a throw of stone away from my house.
✔ Cor:- My friend stays a stone's throw away from my house.
✎ 36) The pronoun must stand for its actual number, gender and person.
✖ Inc:-Ram's friends have arrived and he want to meet Ram immediately.
✔ Cor:- Ram's friends have arrived and they want to meet Ram immediately.
✎ 37) The pronoun must be in neuter gender if it denotes a collective noun which even may constitute living things.
✖ Inc:-A bevy of beautiful girls made a spectacular sight. They have gathered for the beauty Bhubaneswar contest.
✔ Cor:- A bevy of beautiful girls made a spectacular sight. It has gathered for the beauty Bhubaneswar contest.
✎ 38) The pronoun must be singular if two or more singular nouns are joined to refer the same person. ✖ Inc:-My mentor and brother has their unique approach towards every problem.
✔ Cor:- My mentor and brother has his unique approach towards every problem.
✎ 39) The pronoun must be plural if two or more singular nouns are joined to refer separate persons.
✖ Inc:-The poet and the singer is ill and cannot come on the show tonight.
✔ Cor:- The poet and the singer are ill and cannot come on the show tonight.
✎ 40) The pronoun must be singular if two singular nouns joined by and are preceded by each or every.
✖ Inc:-Each boy and each girl has to switch their mobile off before entering the hall.
✔ Cor:- Each boy and each girl has to switch his mobile off before entering the hall.
✎ 41) The pronoun must be singular if two or more singular nouns are joined or, either...or, neither...or.
✖ Inc:-Either Amiya or Anthony has lost their passport.
✔ Cor:- Either Amiya or Anthony has lost his passport.
✎ 42) The pronoun must be plural if a singular noun and a plural noun are joined by or or nor.
✖ Inc:-Neither Manish nor his friends valued his time.
✔ Cor:- Neither Manish nor his friends valued their time.
✎ 43) 123 rule of joint pronoun. If one pronoun has to denote different persons (1st person, 2nd person and 3rd person) then 1st person plural pronoun precedes over 2nd person and 3rd person and 2nd person plural pronoun precedes over 3rd person.
✖ Inc:-I, you and Tabish have your own task to mind.
✔ Cor:- I, you and Tabish have our own task to mind.
✎ 44) Pronoun of manners. If there are three pronouns of different persons and the subject of discussion is healthy then 2nd person comes before 3rd person and 3rd person comes before 1st person. However, if the subject of discussion is not healthy or taking responsibility is talked then 1st person comes before 2nd person and 2nd person comes before 1st person.
✖ Inc:-I, you and Samir are to be awarded for our project.
✔ Cor:- Samir, you and I are to be awarded for our project.
✎ 45) If a pronoun is used as the object of a verb or a preposition, it must be in the objective case.
✔ Cor:- I saw him driving the car.
✖ Inc:-Between you and I there is no enmity.
Essential Grammar Rules Part -2
Essential Grammar Rules Part -2
✎ 46) A reflexive pronoun must be used if the following verbs are used reflexively.
✖ Inc:-He wants to avail a chance to get global exposure.
✔ Cor:- He wants to avail himself a chance to get global exposure.
✎ 47) The following verbs are never used reflexively:
Bathe, break, burst, feed, form, gather, hide, keep, lengthen, make, move, open, qualify, rest, roll, speed, steal, stop, and turn.
✖ Inc:-The soldiers feed themselves on branches, barks and roots during the war.
✔ Cor:- The soldiers feed on branches, barks and roots during the war.
✎ 48) When two things have been mentioned in a sentence, 'this' referred to the thing last mentioned and 'that' to the thing first mentioned.
✖ Inc:-A bulb and a fan are bare necessity in a room. This gives you light and that gives you cool breeze.
✔ Cor:- A bulb and a fan are bare necessity in a room. This gives you cool breeze and that gives you light.
✎ 49) Pronoun 'it' precedes a phrase or clause and pronoun 'this' follows a phrase or clause
✖ Inc:-This is accepted that Satish has a big fan following him.
✔ Cor:- It is accepted that Satish has a big fan following him.
✎ 50) The indefinite pronoun 'one' must be used throughout if used once.
✖ Inc:-one must be sincere with his studies.
✔ Cor:- one must be sincere with one's studies.
✎ 51) The indefinite pronoun 'none' may behave as singular or plural according to the context.
✖ Inc:-None of the players has been injured.
✔ Cor:- None of the players have been injured.
✎ 52) The indefinite pronoun 'anyone' must be used when more than two persons or things are referred.
✖ Inc:-Any one of the two brothers can sign for the approval.
✔ Cor:- Either of the two brothers can sign for the approval.
✎ 53) The distributive pronoun 'each' may come after the object of the verb only if the object contains a number.
✖ Inc:-The kids sang songs each.
Or
✔ Cor:- The kids sang a song each.
✎ 54) The relative pronoun 'that' is preferred to 'who' or 'which' in the following cases:
After adjectives in the superlative degree
After all, any, none, nothing, same
After the interrogative pronouns who, where which, what, etc
After the antecedents, one referring a person and the other referring an animal or a thing.
Essential Grammar Rules Part -2
Essential Grammar Rules Part -2
✎ 55) The relative pronoun must be of the same number and person as its antecedents.
✖ Inc:-One of my friends who stays in Ney York is coming tomorrow.
✔ Cor:- One of my friends who stay in Ney York is coming tomorrow.
✎ 56) The case of the relative pronoun should maintain parallelism with the verb.
✖ Inc:-Rohini was the one whom the security barred from entering.
✔ Cor:- Rohini was the one who the security barred from entering.
✎ 57) Independent pronouns must be used for a relative pronoun used in subjective and objective case.
✖ Inc:-Mr. Ranny is the trainer who students hate and calls himself as soft skill giant.
✔ Cor:- Mr. Ranny is the trainer whom students hate and who calls himself as soft skill giant.
✎ 58) The relative pronoun must be placed near its antecedents.
✖ Inc:-These biscuits are from Germany which are made from edible grass.
✔ Cor:- These biscuits which are made from edible grass are from Germany.
✎ 59) The relative pronoun 'what' is used without an antecedent.
✖ Inc:-She is wearing the ear rings what I presented her.
✔ Cor:- She is wearing what I presented her.
✎ 60) 'Same' as the antecedent takes relative pronoun 'as' or 'that'.
Example: My pen is same as yours.
Example: He is the same man that I was talking about.
✎ 61) 'Such' as the antecedent takes relative pronoun 'as'.
✖ Inc:-The weight is such that he could not lift it.
✔ Cor:- The weight is such as he could not lift it.
✎ 62) Pronoun 'which' implies selection and pronoun 'what' implies things in general.
✖ Inc:-What are the states of India you have visited?
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✔ Cor:- Which are the states of India you have visited?
✎ 63) For actions that started in the past and are still continuing; present perfect continuous tense must be used and not present continuous.
✖ Inc:-SRK is doing movies for the last twenty years.
✔ Cor:- SRK has been doing movies for the last twenty years.
✎ 64) Adverb of past time is never used with present perfect tense.
✖ Inc:-Sakchi has returned my assignment last night.
✔ Cor:- Sakchi has returned my assignment.
Essential Grammar Rules Part -2
Essential Grammar Rules Part -2
✎ 65) If the main clause is in simple future, the subordinate clause must be in simple present and not in future tense.
✖ Inc:-She will cry if you will tease her.
✔ Cor:- She will cry if you tease her.
✎ 66) If two actions happen in the past, the earlier one is denoted by past perfect while the later one is denoted by past simple
✖ Inc:-The train had left when we had reached the station.
✔ Cor:- The train had left when we reached the station.
✎ 67) When the main clause is in the past tense, the subordinate clause has to be in the past tense
✖ Inc:-Ram told me that sir is coming tomorrow.
Correct 67: Ram told me that sir would tomorrow.
✎ 68) A verb must agree with its subject in number and person.
✖ Inc:-The hospitality of the villagers are to be learnt by all.
✔ Cor:- The hospitality of the villagers is to be learnt by all.
✎ 69) Two or more singular subjects joined by and take a plural verb.
✖ Inc:-Mother and child is to take the medicine for better result.
✔ Cor:- Mother and child are to take the medicine for better result.
✎ 70) If two or more subjects joined by and speak of one idea or give the sense of unity the mind take a singular verb.
✖ Inc:-Admiration, accolade and acclamation have little effect on the great cricketer Sachin Tendulkar.
✔ Cor:- Admiration, accolade and acclamation has little effect on the great cricketer Sachin Tendulkar.
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✎ 71) If the subjects are joined by and are preceded by 'each', 'every' or 'no' take a singular verb.
Note: The nouns joined are to be singular in form.
✖ Inc:-Each boy and each girl are to be present in the annual function.
✔ Cor:- Each boy and each girl is to be present in the annual function.
✎ 72) If two subjects of different number i.e. one singular and the other plural are joined by and the verb must be plural and the plural subject must be placed near the verb.
✖ Inc:-The lower staffs and the playground speaks volume about a school.
✔ Cor:- The playground and the lower staffs speak volume about a school.
✎ 73) First subject agreement. If there are two subjects and the connecting word between the subjects are 'with, together with, along with, besides, as well as etc, the verb must agree with the subject first mentioned.
✖ Inc:-The Mayor with his councillors are to be blamed for the fiasco.
✔ Cor:- The Mayor with his councillors is to be blamed for the fiasco.
✎ 74) second subject agreement. If there are two subjects and the connecting word between the subjects are 'or, nor, but also etc, the verb must agree with the subject second mentioned.
✖ Inc:-Neither Ankita nor her friends is coming on my party.
✔ Cor:- Neither Ankita nor her friends are coming on my party.
✎ 75) Two or more singular subjects joined by 'or' or 'nor' take a singular verb.
✖ Inc:-Neither the West nor the East have been successful in eliminating poverty.
✔ Cor:- Neither the West nor the East has been successful in eliminating poverty.
✎ 76) Certain nouns which are plural in form but singular in meaning take a singular verb.
Example: billiards, draughts, economics, electronics, ethics, innings, mathematics, mechanics, measles, mumps, news, physics, politics, rickets, summons, etc.
✖ Inc:-Billiards are the game of the rich.
✔ Cor:- Billiards is the game of the rich.
✎ 77) certain nouns which are singular in form but are plural in meaning take a plural verb.
Example: cattle, cavalry, clergy, children, infantry, peasantry, gentry, people, police, poultry, etc.
✖ Inc:-The poultry was not given adequate food.
✔ Cor:- The poultry were not given adequate food.
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✎ 78) Certain nouns which have same the form in the singular as well as in the plural take singular may take singular or the plural verb according to the context.
Example: aircraft, carp, deer, fish, swine, trout, etc.
✔ Cor:- A deer in search of food comes very near our gate.
✔ Cor:- Many deer in search of food come very near our gate.
✎ 79) Certain nouns which consist of two parts take plural verb, although it refers to one countable thing.
Example: binoculars, breeches, glasses, pliers, pincers, scissors, spectacles, shorts, tongs, trousers, etc.
✖ Inc:-This is not my scissors.
✔ Cor:- These are not my scissors
✎ 80) Collective nouns may take singular or plural verb according to the context.
✖ Inc:-The jury gave their decision that Ajmal Kasab should be hanged.
✔ Cor:- The jury gave its decision that Ajmal Kasab should be hanged.
✎ 81) Pains, means and none may take singular or plural verb according to the context.
✖ Inc:-None has agreed to the new chairman's proposal.
✔ Cor:- None have agreed to the new chairman's proposal.
✎ 82) Either of, neither of, none of, one of, etc take a singular verb. ✖ Inc:-Neither of the brothers are ready to compromise.
✔ Cor:- Neither of the brothers is ready to compromise.
✎ 83) a lot of, lots of, most of, percent of, plenty of, a quarter of remainder of, some of, half of, one third of, etc take singular verb or plural verb according countable or uncountable nouns the phrase precedes.
Note: Singular verb is used if the phrase precedes a countable noun and plural verb is used if the phrase precedes an uncountable noun.
✖ Inc:-The team could finish fast as some of the work were done by the team leader.
✔ Cor:- The team could finish fast as some of the work was done by the team leader.
✎ 84) The phrase 'the following' and 'the undersigned' take singular or plural verb according to the context.
✖ Inc:-The following is the names of the students who are interested for the quiz competition.
✔ Cor:- The following are the names of the students who are interested for the quiz competition.
✎ 85) The phrase 'more than one' and 'nothing but' take a singular verb.
✖ Inc:-When you travel long distance in train, more than one book are wise to carry.
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✔ Cor:- When you travel long distance in train, more than one book is wise to carry.
✎ 86) Certain words like all, any, enough, most, some, etc take singular or plural verb according to the context.
Note: Singular verb is used if the word precedes a countable noun and plural verb is used if the word precedes an uncountable noun.
✖ Inc:-Most of the work are not yet complete.
✔ Cor:- Most of the work is not yet complete.
✎ 87) Certain words like anybody, anyone, each, every, everyone, everybody, much, no one, one, other, somebody, someone, something, etc always take a singular verb.
✖ Inc:-Each of the students were given a packet of sweets.
✔ Cor:- Each of the students was given a packet of sweets.
✎ 88) In a sentence with a positive and a negative subject the verb must agree with the positive sentence.
✖ Inc:-It is Shaharukh, not his co-stars who decides the camera angle.
✔ Cor:- It is Shaharukh, not his co-stars who decide the camera angle.
✎ 89) If the same subject is repeated after a preposition, a singular verb must be used.
Note: The subjects must always be singular.
✖ Inc:-Houses after houses were searched by the patrolling team.
✔ Cor:- House after house was searched by the patrolling team.
✎ 90) When a plural noun denotes a specific quantity or amount, the verb must be singular.
✖ Inc:-Hundred litres are not a small quantity.
✔ Cor:- Hundred litres is not a small quantity.
✎ 91) Adjectives have to be carefully used for the noun it modifies.
✖ Inc:-The flower's colourful fragrance filled the entire room.
✔ Cor:- The colourful flower's fragrance filled the entire room.
✎ 92) 'As' has to precede and follow an adjective if comparision is made using 'as'.
✖ Inc:-Suman is preety as a princess.
✔ Cor:- Suman is as preety as a princess.
✎ 93 )Certain words are always used as possitive adjectives and have lost their comparative meaning. They cannot be followed by 'than'.
Example: elder, exterior, former, hinder, inner, interior, latter, major, minor, outer, upper, utter, etc.
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✖ Inc:-Sita is minor than any other girls of her class.
✔ Cor:- Sita is a minor girl of her class.
✎ 94) comparative degree is used to compare two nouns and when comparison is done, proper comparative degree must be used.
✖ Inc:-Manish is the laziest between the two.
✔ Cor:- Manish is lazier between the two.
✎ 95) In comparative comparison, the latter term of comparison must exclude the former.
✖ Inc:-Susil is cleverer than all contractors of his time.
✔ Cor:- Susil is cleverer than other contractors of his time.
✎ 96) Comparative adjectives are generally followed by 'than' but the following comparative adjectives are followed by 'to'.
Example: anterior, inferior, junior, prior, posterior, senior and superior.
✖ Inc:-Mr. Daschoudhry is senior than Mr. Behera.
✔ Cor:- Mr. Daschoudhry is senior to Mr. Behera.
✎ 97) Avoid using comparative in 'er' when two qualities in a same noun are compared.
✖ Inc:-The bird is prettier than strong.
✔ Cor:- The bird is more pretty than strong.
✎ 98) Superlative degree is used when comparison among more than two nouns is done. Proper superlative degree must be used for such comparison.
✖ Inc:-The crow is cleverer of all birds.
✔ Cor:- The crow is the cleverest of all birds.
✎ 99) In superlative comparison, the latter term of comparison must include the former.
✖ Inc:-Snake wood is the heaviest of any other wood.
✔ Cor:- Snake wood is the heaviest of all woods.
✎ 100) Superlative form always takes article 'the' before it.
✖ Inc:-'The Monk who sold his Ferrari' is a finest book of all times.
✔ Cor:- 'The Monk who sold his Ferrari' is the finest book of all times.
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